PART I: FOUNDATIONS
1. Thinking Like an Economist . 3
- Thinking Like an Economist 3
- Is Economics a Science? . 5
- The Scope and Boundaries of Economic Science . 5
- Why Study Economics? . 8
2. How We Develop Economic Principles . 13
- Purposeful Action versus Mindless Behavior 13
- The Social versus the Natural Sciences 15
- The Success of the Natural Sciences versus the Social Sciences 17
- How We Develop Basic Economics 22
3. Economic Concepts Implied By Action . 31
- Introduction 31
- Only Individuals Act 32
- Individuals Have Preferences 36
- Preferences Are Subjective 37
- Preferences Are a Ranking, Not a Measurement Using Numbers 39
- Different Individuals’ Preferences Can’t Be Combined . 42
4. “Robinson Crusoe” Economics . 49
- Introduction 49
- Crusoe Creates Goods With His Mind Powers 50
- Consumer Goods versus Producer Goods 52
- Land, Labor, and Capital Goods . 53
- Income, Saving, and Investment . 55
- Goods Are Valued Unit by Unit 59
- Pulling It All Together: What Should Crusoe Do With Himself? . 61
PART II: CAPITALISM: THE MARKET ECONOMY
5. The Institution of Private Property 71
- Society Requires Rules . 71
- Capitalism: This Is Private Property 73
- The Market Economy and Free Enterprise . 74
- 6. Direct Exchange and Barter Prices 81
- Why Do People Trade With Each Other? 81
- Direct Exchange / Barter . 82
- Prices 83
- How Prices Are Formed in Barter . 84
7. Indirect Exchange and the Appearance of Money . 99
- The Limitations of Direct Exchange . 99
- The Advantages of Indirect Exchange . 101
- The Advantages of Money 104
- Who Invented Money? 106
8. The Division of Labor and Specialization 113
- The Division of Labor and Specialization . 113
- Why Specialization Makes Labor More Productive . 115
- Enriching Everyone By Focusing on Comparative Advantage . 117
9. Entrepreneurship and Competition . 125
- Entrepreneurship 125
- Competition Protects Customers 127
- Competition Protects Workers . 128
10. Income, Saving, and Investment 135
- Income, Saving, and Investment . 135
- Investment Increases Future Income 136
- How Saving and Investment Increase An Economy’s Future Output . 141
11. Supply and Demand . 147
- Supply and Demand: The Purpose . 147
- Demand: Its Definition and Its Law . 148
- Supply: Its Definition and Its Law 153
- Using Supply and Demand to Explain the Market Price 155
- Using Supply and Demand to Understand Price Changes .159
12. Interest, Credit, and Debt . 175
- Interest: It’s About Time 175
- Savings, Investment, and Economic Growth . 177
- Common Credit Transactions 180
- The Pros and Cons of Debt . 183
13. Profit and Loss Accounting 191
- Profit and Loss Guide Entrepreneurs . 191
- Interest Versus Profit 193
- The Social Function of Profit and Loss Accounting 195
- The Limits of Profit and Loss Accounting . 199
14. The Stock Market . 205
- The Stock Market 205
- Why Issue Stock? (Debt versus Equity) . 206
- The Social Function of Stock Speculation 209
PART III: SOCIALISM: THE COMMAND ECONOMY
15. The Failures of Socialism—Theory . 221
- The Vision of Pure Socialism 221
- Socialism’s Incentive Problem . 223
- Socialism’s Calculation Problem . 229
16. The Failures of Socialism—History . 239
- Economic Theory and History . 239
- Communism vs. Fascism 241
- Socialism’s Body Count . 242
PART IV: INTERVENTIONISM: THE MIXED ECONOMY
17. Price Controls 255
- The Vision of Interventionism . 255
- Price Ceilings . 256
- Price Floors . 261
18. Sales and Income Taxes 271
- Government Spending 271
- How Government Finances Its Spending . 275
- Sales Taxes 277
- Income Taxes 279
19. Tariffs and Quotas . 287
- Mercantilism 287
- The General Case for Free Trade . 289
- Tariffs . 293
- Import Quotas . 299
20. The Economics of Drug Prohibition 305
- Drug Prohibition . 305
- Drug Prohibition Corrupts Government Officials 307
- Drug Prohibition Fosters Violence 314
- Drug Prohibition Reduces Product Safety 320
- Money Inflation vs. Price Inflation . 325
21. Inflation . 325
- How Governments Make Prices Rise . 329
- The Danger of Government Price Inflation 336
22. Government Debt 345
- Government Deficits and Debt 345
- Government Debt and Inflation 350
- Government Debt and Future Generations 353
23. The Business Cycle 361
- The Business Cycle . 361
- How Governments Cause the Business Cycle . 363
- The Inevitable Bust Following an Artificial Boom 368
- The Causes of Mass Unemployment 369
Glossary 377